MOLECULAR AND METABOLIC DETERMINANTS OF AGEING: PATHWAYS, PHENOTYPES, AND INTERVENTIONS

Abstract

Background: Ageing is a universal biological process marked by a gradual, time-dependent decline in physiological functions and a higher risk of disease and death. Although multicellular organisms have mechanisms to detect and repair molecular and cellular damage, their functional capacity consistently decreases with age. This paradox has spurred extensive research.

Objective: The main theories of ageing, including genetic/programmed and random wear-and-tear processes, along with cellular mechanisms of senescence, are explored.

Key findings: Disruptions in insulin signalling are associated with multiple age-related phenotypic changes, including insulin resistance, visceral adiposity, and chronic inflammation. These alterations contribute to the development of major diseases such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, neurodegeneration, and cancer. Both non-pharmacological interventions (e.g., calorie restriction and exercise) and pharmacological strategies targeting AMPK activation, adipocyte function, and nutrient absorption demonstrate potential in modulating ageing and extending lifespan.

Conclusion: Ageing is a multifactorial process influenced by genetic, metabolic, and environmental factors. Targeting key metabolic pathways offers promising avenues for promoting healthy ageing.